Solution: A rotation matrix for $ \theta = 45^\circ $ is $ \beginbmatrix \cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\ \sin\theta & \cos\theta \endbmatrix = \beginbmatrix \frac\sqrt22 & -\frac\sqrt22 \\ \frac\sqrt22 & \frac\sqrt22 \endbmatrix $. Scaling by $ \sqrt2 $ multiplies each entry: - Groen Casting